Process for Removing Color Bodies from Hydrocarbon-Based Fuels Using Activated Carbons

ABSTRACT

A process for removing color bodies from hydrocarbon-based fuels, particularly gasoline, using an activated carbon is disclosed. Color bodies are removed from the fuel by contacting the fuel with such activated carbon having within this pore structure a fuel decolorizing amount of polymerized phosphoric acid or reduced transition metals. Phosphoric acid may be added to a non-phosphoric acid-activated carbon (such as steam activated coal-based) prior to the subsequent heat treatment or one can take advantage of residual phosphoric acid present in, for example, a phosphoric acid-activated wood-based carbon. Similarly, transition metals such as copper may be added to an activated carbon in a salt form in addition to whatever is already present therein as impurities.

BACKGROUND

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to a process useful in the decolorization andpurification of hydrocarbon fuel. In particular, the invention relatesto using an activated carbon for removing from liquid hydrocarbon fuels,especially gasoline, at least some of trace impurities selected from thegroup consisting of indanes, naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, pyrene,alkylbenzenes and mixtures thereof or other color bodies. The activatedcarbon may be derived from coal, petroleum or lignocellulose materials.In addition, the invention relates to the method of preparing andtreating activated carbon to facilitate its use for fuel purification.

2. Background of the Invention

Activated carbon is a well-established adsorbent material for use as aclarifying media for removal of color bodies from a variety of sources.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,695,386 teaches sequential acidulation, precipitation,and coagulation to result in a filtrate of the effluent from a pulp millprocess stream, which filtrate is passed through a series of chambersfor decolorization by contact with activated carbon.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,728,435 teaches decolorization of aqueous glyoxalsolution by passing the solution over a fixed bed of granulatedactivated carbon.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,746,368 teaches that a long used method for removingimpurities from sugar solutions employs particles of activated carbon.The sugar solution or syrup is forced through a bed of such particlesmaintained in a vessel such as a column.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,429,747 teaches decolorization of waste water fromcosmetic manufacturing processes. After adding a strong base to thewaste water at high temperature to flocculate fatty substances, acolorless oxidizer is added to cause partial oxidation. The resultingwaste water is then decolorized with powdered activated carbon.

There are two main technology platforms for the decolorization of fuel:(1) hydrotreating in the presence of metal catalyst supported on carbonand (2) adsorption.

(1) Catalytic Hydrotreating

U.S. Pat. No. 4,755,280 discloses the process for improving the colorand oxidation stability of the hydrocarbon streams containing multi-ringaromatic and hydroaromatic hydrocarbons by hydrotreating it in thepresence of the hydrotreating catalyst containing iron and one or morealkali or alkaline-earth metals components.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,470 discloses the decolorization of diesel fuel byhydrotreatment under mild conditions. The feedstock is first severelyhydrotreated to convert organosulfur or organonitrogen. Then, theeffluent is passed to a smaller downstream hydrotreating zone havingmuch lower temperature but sufficient to lighten the color of a finishedfuel.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,449,452 discloses the hydrodearomatization process ofthe hydrocarbons by passing the charge feed into contact with bed ofsulfided catalyst containing boron, a metal of non-noble Group VIII, anda metal of Group VIB on a carbon support at hydrotreating conditions.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,435,907 discloses the hydrodearomatization process ofthe middle distillate hydrocarbons by passing the charge feed intocontact with a bed of sulfide catalyst of the metal Group VIII and ofGroup VIB on the activated carbon support, in the presence of hydrogenat 570-850° F. and 600-2500 psi and a hydrogen flow of 1000-5000 SCFB(Standard cubic feet per barrel of liquid feed). The activated carbonsupport has a BET surface area of at least about 900 m²/g, an averagepore diameter between 16 to 50 angstrom, and a total pore volume (fornitrogen) of 0.4 to 1.2 cc/g.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,472,595 discloses the hydrodearomatization process ofthe hydrocarbons by passing the charge feed into contact with bed ofsulfided catalyst comprising 0.1 to 15% weight of nickel; and from 1 to50% weight of tungsten and 0.1 to 10% weight of phosphorus, on anactivated carbon support, in the presence of hydrogen gas athydrotreating conditions of 200-450° C., a pressure of 200-3000 psig, aliquid hourly space velocity of 0.1-10 LHSV and a hydrogen feed rate of200-10,000 SCFB. The activated carbon support has a surface area of 600to 2000 m²/g, a pore volume for nitrogen of at least 0.3 cc/g, and anaverage pore diameter of 12 to 100 angstrom.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,462,651 discloses the simultaneous hydrodearomatization,hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation of the hydrocarbon oils bypassing the charge hydrocarbon feed into contact with a bed of asulfided metal catalyst which is being supported on thephosphorus-treated carbon, in the of hydrogen at the hydrotreatingconditions. The metal sulfide catalysts comprising one or more metals ofnon-noble Group VIII, where at least one metal selected from tungstenand molybdenum.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,676,822 discloses the process for hydrodearomatizationof the hydrocarbon oil containing undesired aromatic components, sulfurand nitrogen compounds. The charge hydrocarbon feed is passed intocontact of a bed of zinc-promoted metal sulfide catalyst that issupported on the activated carbon, in the presence of hydrogen gas athydrotreating conditions.

The sulfide catalyst comprising 0.1 to 15% by weight of one or morenon-noble Group VIII metals; and from 1 to 50% by weight of tungstenand/or from 1 to 20% by weight or molybdenum or chromium, and 0.01 to10% by weight of zinc. The activated carbon support is characterized bya B.E.T. surface area of 600 to 2000 m²/g, a pore volume for nitrogen ofat least 0.3 cc/g, and an average pore diameter of 12 to 100 Angstroms.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,651,878 discloses a hydrodearomatization process ofnaphtha or a middle distillate hydrocarbon by hydrotreating it in thepresence of a carbon-supported catalyst bearing (i) molybdenum ortungsten, (ii) a metal or non-noble Group VIII, and (iii) chromium. Thecarbon support has a B.E.T. surface area of at least 800 m²/g, a totalpore volume for nitrogen of at least 0.4 cc/g, and average pore diameterby nitrogen adsorption, of between 16 and 50 Angstroms. This carbonsupport is preformed and the carbon supported catalyst is prepared byconventional impregnation methods using aqueous solutions of salts ofthe elements.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,837,640 discloses the hydrodearomatization of naphtha ora middle distillate hydrocarbon using carbon-supported catalystcontaining Groups VIII and VIB metals.

(2) Adsorption

U.S. Pat. No. 3,920,540 discloses the process for decolorizing andincreasing the viscosity index of the petroleum oil such as lubricatingoil by passing the oil through alumina on a metallic steel wool supportat 50-300° F.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,207,894 discloses the process of removing aromatic colorbodies, particularly oxygen or sulfur containing aromatics, fromaromatic hydrocarbon stream by contacting the hydrocarbon stream withneutral attapulgite clay for a time sufficient to adsorb the aromaticcolor bodies. The process is most effective if the aromatic hydrocarbonstream is first dried using a molecular sieve.

Japanese Patent 10,204,446 discloses the decolorization of oil bytreating with activated clay and/or silica-alumina.

U.S. Patent Application 2004/0,256,320 discloses the process ofseparating color bodies and/or asphaltenic contaminants from ahydrocarbon mixture using membrane filtration. The membrane comprises(1) a top thin layer made of a dense membrane, and (2) a support layermade of a porous membrane. The top thin layer filters the color bodiesand contaminants from the hydrocarbon mixture, while the porous supportmembrane provides mechanical strength to the membrane.

U.S. Patent Application 2004/0,129,608, incorporated herein byreference, discloses the process of decolorizing liquid hydrocarbon fuelsuch as gasoline fuels using decolorizing carbon. The process involvescontacting the liquid fuel with activated carbon by passing the fuelthrough a carbon filter (possibly multiple carbon-filled columns) or byintroducing particles of carbon into the liquid fuel and recovering saidparticles after treatment. Traces of impurities include indanes,naphthalenes, phenanthrenes, pyrene, alkyl benzene, and mixture thereof.The published patent application further teaches that any carbon sourcemay be used to prepare the decolorizing carbon employed in the presentinvention. Carbons derived from wood, coconut, or coal are taught aspreferred. The carbon may be activated, for example, by acid, alkali, orsteam treatment. Suitable decolorizing carbons are described inKirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, Vol 4,pages 562 to 569.

U.S. Patent Application 2004/0,200,758 discloses a method for removingthiophene and thiophene compounds from liquid fuel that includescontacting the liquid fuel with an adsorbent which preferentiallyadsorbs the thiophene and thiophene compounds as well as a furthermethod that includes selective removal of aromatic compounds from amixture of aromatic and aliphatic compounds. The adsorbent comprises anion-exchanged zeolite selected from the group consisting of zeolite X,zeolite Y, zeolite LSX, MCM-41 zeolites, silicoaluminophosphates, andmixtures thereof, the zeolite having exchangeable cationic sites,wherein at least one of the sites has the at least one of metal andmetal cation present.

In view of the disclosures of the recited prior art teachings, one mayexpect prior art activated carbon materials, known for theirdecolorizing properties, to be capable of reducing the color of ahydrocarbon fuel such as gasoline. Lacking in the prior art, and notsuggested by any known prior art teaching, is a process for removingcolor bodies from hydrocarbon-based fuel using an activated carbonmaterial capable of hydrocarbon fuel decolorization beyond that taughtor suggested by the prior art. Therefore, the object of the invention isthe provision of a process for removing color bodies fromhydrocarbon-based fuel using an activated carbon material which processprovides unexpectedly improved hydrocarbon fuel decolorization.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

This invention provides improved processes for removing color bodiesfrom hydrocarbon-based fuels using activated carbons described herein.The processes using the activated carbons can provide surprisinglyimproved removal of color bodies from such fuels.

This invention provides a process for removing color bodies fromhydrocarbon-based fuel. Such process comprises contactinghydrocarbon-based fuel with a decolorizing carbon having within thispore structure a fuel decolorizing amount of reduced transition metal;and adsorbing at least a portion of color bodies within thehydrocarbon-based fuel onto the decolorizing carbon to produce adecolorized hydrocarbon-based fuel. Preferably, the decolorizedhydrocarbon-based fuel has a Saybolt gain of at least 15 compared to thehydrocarbon-based fuel before decolorization. More preferably, thehydrocarbon-based fuel before decolorization has a Saybolt value lessthan or equal to −10 and the decolorized hydrocarbon-based fuel has aSaybolt value of a least 12.

In some embodiments, the decolorizing carbon includes carbon produced bysteam, phosphoric acid, or zinc chloride activation. Preferably, thefuel decolorizing amount of reduced transition metal is in the rangefrom about 0.1% to about 5%, more preferably from about 1% to about 3%.In some embodiments, the reduced transition metal comprises copper.

The activated carbon may be derived from lignocellulosic material orcoal by steam or phosphoric acid activation. Examples of lignocellulosicmaterials include wood, coconut, nut shells, and fruit pits.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A process for removing color bodies from hydrocarbon-based fuel usinganew activated carbon has been developed. Hydrocarbon-based fuel iscontacted with such activated carbon and at least a portion of colorbodies within the fuel is adsorbed onto the activated carbon.

The activated carbon is particularly effective for gasoline decolorizingand purification. Various technical approaches have been developed forincreasing carbon gasoline decolorizing capacity via effectivelyenhancing the amount of polymerized phosphate which serves as theadsorption sites for gasoline color body molecules.

First, this new activated carbon may be produced by heat treatment in aninert or CO₂ atmosphere at from about 1000° to about 2000° F.(preferably from about 1200° to about 1800° F.) of a conventional,phosphoric acid-activated carbon product (such as WV-B) commerciallyavailable from MeadWestvaco Corporation. The heat treatment convertsresidual phosphoric acid into a polymerized form that is effective foradsorption of gasoline color body molecules.

A second approach requires increasing phosphoric acid activationtemperature from a range of about 800°-1100° F. up to a range of from1150°-1600° F. However, an activation temperature above 1300° F. ispreferred. A higher activation temperature promotes polymerization ofphosphoric acid and thus increases the amount of polymerized phosphatein a phosphoric acid-activated carbon.

In a third approach, phosphoric acid is added to an activated carbonthat already contains some residual phosphoric acid (such as wood-basedWV-B and WV-A 1100 from MeadWestvaco Corporation) or does not containany substantial amount of phosphoric acid (such as steam-activatedcoal-based CPG from Calgon Corporation or wood-based TAC-900 fromMeadWestvaco Corporation). The added phosphoric acid is subsequentlyconverted to a polymerized phosphate by a heat treatment as described inthe first approach.

Finally, one or more transition metals can be added to an activatedcarbon that already contains some residual transition metals (such assteam-activated coal-based CPG from Calgon Corporation or wood-basedTAC-900 from MeadWestvaco Corporation) or does not contain anysubstantial amount of transition metals (such as wood-based WV-B andWV-A 1100 from MeadWestvaco Corporation). In these last two approaches,there may some synergy achieved for improved hydrogen fuelpurification/decolorization when phosphoric acid is added to anactivated carbon with residual transition metals present or when atransition metal (usually in salt form) is added to an activated carbonwith residual phosphoric acid.

EXAMPLES

The following examples further describe embodiments of the invention andthe activated carbon and its method of preparation. In these examples, agreater capacity of gasoline decolorizing is represented by a greaterincrease in Saybolt value after a given gasoline is treated withactivated carbon at a constant dosage. The Saybolt value measuresgasoline color from −30 (darkest) to +30 (brightest) (ASTM D156-00).While the higher the Saybolt value reflects the less color there is inthe liquid, it is a relative term. Thus, the effectiveness ofdecolorization is relative to (and, obviously, affected by) its initialSaybolt value. Unless noted otherwise, all isotherm tests were conductedwith a severe color gasoline at a carbon dosage of 0.3 wt % at ambienttemperature. The solid/liquid contact time was one hour with stirring.The Saybolt value of gasoline was measured after the carbon particleswere removed by filtration.

Example 1

A summary of gasoline decolorizing isotherm results is provided in TableI. The isotherm results were produced by solid/liquid contacts betweensamples of conventional wood-based, phosphoric acid-activated carbons,WV-B and WV-A 1100, from MeadWestvaco Corporation, both prior to andafter they were subjected to inert gas heat treatment, for example, at1550° F. for 15 minuets. The untreated WV-B and WV-A 1100 samplesremoved a significant fraction of the gasoline color and improved thegasoline to a Saybolt value of 11-12, as compared to <−16 Saybolt valuefor the feed gasoline. On the other hand, the new heat-treated carbonproducts allowed the carbon treated gasoline to achieve a Saybolt valuefrom 17 to as high as 19, which represents an increase of 5-7 points inSaybolt value over their base carbons. The improved decolorization isrelated to the polymerization, as a result of the heat treatment, ofresidual phosphoric acid that was present on these activated carbons.TABLE I* Saybolt Value of Gasoline Treated with Phosphoric Acid-Activated Carbons before and after Heat Treatment (Untreated gasoline:<−16 Saybolt) Activated Before After Carbon Heat treatment HeatTreatment WV-B #1 11 18 WV-B #2 — 19 WV-A 1100 12 17

Example 2

The inert gas heat treatment as described in example 1 also improved thedecolorizing capacity of coal- and coconut-based steam-activatedcarbons. As seen in Table II, the as-received Calgon CPG(steam-activated coal-based) and Pica G270 (steam-activatedcoconut-based) activated carbons treated the gasoline to a Saybolt valueof 5 and 2, respectively. However, the inert gas heat treatment improvedthe gasoline decolorizing capacity of coal-based CPG by 8 points from 5to 13 Saybolt value and of coconut-based G270 by 2 points from 2 to 4Saybolt value. The improved decolorization as a result of the heattreatment is attributed to the auto-reduction of transition metals suchas copper and iron that were present as impurities in these carbons.TABLE II* Saybolt Value of Gasoline Treated with Steam- ActivatedCarbons before and after Heat Treatment (Untreated gasoline: <−16Saybolt) Activated Before After Carbon Heat treatment Heat TreatmentCalgon CPG 5 13 Pica G270 2 4

Example 3

In examples 1 and 2 it was discovered that the gasoline decolorizingcapacity of an activated carbon is substantially improved by inert gasheat treatment. The polymerized phosphate and reduced copper formed as aresult of the heat treatment serve as the active sites for adsorption ofgasoline color body molecules. Based on these findings, new carbonmaterials with improved gasoline decolorizing performance are preparedby incorporating polymerized phosphate or reduced copper into anactivated carbon, as disclosed herein. The improved carbon performanceenables carbon adsorption to become a more competitive alternative tocatalytic hydrotreating technology, especially for purification ofsevere color gasoline.

Table III provides a summary of four activated carbons which do notperform well as-received but are greatly improved by incorporation ofpolymerized phosphate. Two points are noted. First, impregnation ofphosphoric acid without subsequent high temperature nitrogen treatmentdoes not significantly improve gasoline decolorizing capacity. Anexample is given for TAC-900 that is available from MeadWestvacoCorporation, with −3 Saybolt before and −2 Saybolt after theimpregnation. This indicates the ineffectiveness of non-polymerized(usually water-soluble) phosphoric acid for gasoline decolorizingdespite the increased carbon acidity. Second, converting the addedphosphoric acid into a polymerized form by high temperature nitrogentreatment (e.g., 1550° F. for 15 minutes) greatly improves gasolinedecolorizing capacity, regardless of the carbon nature. The gains rangefrom 9 to 38 points in Saybolt value. Thus, MeadWestvaco's AquaGuardcarbon showed the most drastic gain, with a 38-point increase in Sayboltvalue from −15 to 23. Adding additional polymerized phosphate to thewell-performing invention carbon by the same approach improved theSaybolt value by only three points from 18 to 21. TABLE III* Influenceof Phosphoric Acid on Gasoline Decolorizing Capacity As measured bySaybolt value Carbon Description As-received After Impregnation withH3PO4 Saybolt Company Grade Source carbon Dried (221° F.) N2-Treated(1550° F.) Gain Calgon CPG Coal 5 nm 20 15 Pica G270 Coconut 2 nm 11 9MWV TAC-900 Wood −3 −2 11 14 MWV AquaGuard Wood −15 nm 23 38 MWVInvention^(a) Wood 18 nm 21 3nm—not measured^(a)N2-treated WV-B, as described in example 1

Table IV provides a summary of activated carbons which are tested forthe influence of impregnation with cupric acetate. A small gain was seenin gasoline decolorizing capacity with coconut carbon (improving from 2to 3 Saybolt) and TAC-900 (improving from −3 to 0 Saybolt) after thecarbons were impregnated with cupric acetate and subjected to 15 minutesof heat treatment at 1550° F., which reduced copper from Cu(II) intoCu(I) or Cu(0). A greater gain was seen with the invention carbon, witha 5-point increase from 18 to 23 Saybolt value. It is possible that asynergism exists between polymerized phosphate and reduced copper thatare effective for adsorption of different color body molecules ingasoline. Copper in the reduced Cu(I) state in a Y-zeolite matrix wasreported in U.S. Patent Application 2004/0200758 to possess substantialcapacity for denitrogenation of transportation fuel. TABLE IV* Influenceof Copper on Gasoline Decolorizing Capacity As measured by Saybolt valueCarbon Description As-received After Impregnation with Cupric AcetateSaybolt Company Grade Source carbon Dried (221° F.) N2-Treated (1550°F.) Gain Pica G270 Coconut 2 nm 3 1 MWV TAC-900 Wood −3 −11 0 3 MWVInvention^(a) Wood 18 16 23 5nm—not measured^(a)N2-treated WV-B, as described in example 1

Example 4

A Meadwestvaco WV-B carbon is subjected to 15 minutes of heat treatmentin a nitrogen atmosphere at three different temperatures of 1150°,1550°, and 1750° F. As seen in Table V, the feed carbon contained 0.9%polymerized phosphate and yielded a Saybolt value of 11. Following aheat treatment at 1150° F., the polymerized phosphate content wasincreased from 0.9% to 2.7% and the Saybolt value was improved from 11to 15. As the heat treatment temperature was further increased from1150° to 1750° F., the content of polymerized phosphate continued toincrease from 2.7% to 4.8% and the Saybolt value continued to improvefrom 15 to 20. TABLE V* Influence of Heat Treatment Temperature onPolymerized Phosphate and Gasoline Decolorizing Capacity TemperatureSaybolt (° F.) % PP** Value Feed 0.9 11 1150 2.7 15 1550 4.1 18 1750 4.820*The experimental protocol for Examples 1 to 4 and Tables I-V was asfollows:

Carbon heat treatment was carried out in a vertical quartz tube reactorwhich was externally heated electrically. In each run, exactly 5 or 10grams of the dried carbon granules were heat treated with the carbon bedin full fluidization.

Granular activated carbon was impregnated with 10 wt % H3PO4 or 10%cupric acetate solutions, at a carbon to solution weight ratio of 3:10.After the excess liquid was drained, the wet carbon was dried in an airoven at 105° C. (221° F.) overnight. The dried carbon was then heattreated in a fluidized bed as described above.

Three grams of granular carbon were ground for 60 seconds in a Spex millfor the gasoline decolorizing isotherm tests. A constant carbon dosageof 0.3 wt % was used with a severe color gasoline (1369-R-04). Thecontact time was kept constant at 60 minutes at ambient temperature. TheSaybolt value of gasoline was measured after the carbon particles wereremoved from the gasoline by filtration. Specified in ASTM D-156/1500for measuring the color of petroleum products including gasoline,Saybolt value ranges from −32 (darkest color) to 32 (least color). Thehigher the Saybolt value, the less color the gasoline has. The feedgasoline has a Saybolt value of <−16 (most likely about −24).

Example 5

Wood-based, phosphoric acid-activated carbons having a range of residualphosphoric acid contents were subjected to 15 minutes of heat treatmentin a nitrogen atmosphere at 1550° F. After the heat treatment, thecarbon samples contained polymerized phosphate in the range of 3.7% to11.8%, as compared to 3.1% for the N₂-heated WV-B as described inexample 1. It is seen in Table VI that, as polymerized phosphate contentincreased from 3.1% up to 10%, the Saybolt value of carbon-treatedgasoline improved initially from 15 to 17 and then remained constant.However, as the polymerized phosphate content was further increased toabove 10%, the Saybolt value of carbon-treated gasoline started todecline. TABLE VI Influence of Polymerized Phosphate Content on GasolineDecolorizing Capacity Saybolt Saybolt Carbon % PP** Value Value***Sample 1 11.8 9 Sample 2 10.2 15 Sample 3 9.9 17 Sample 4 6.8 17 Sample5 5.0 17 Sample 6 3.7 17 Invention^(a) 3.1 18 15^(a)N2-treated WV-B, as described in example 1**The content of polymerized phosphate (% PP) is determined by thedifference between the total phosphate and water-soluble phosphate. Fortotal phosphate analysis, exactly 0.50 grams of dried Spex-milled powderwas microwave-digested with sulfuric and nitric acids. For water-solublephosphate analysis, exactly 0.50 grams of the same dried Spex-milledpowder was boiled in nanopure water for 15 minutes. After solids wereremoved by filtration, aliquots of the filtrates were# measured for phosphorous concentration by ICP. The phosphate contenton an activated carbon is expressed as % H₃PO₄. The polymerizedphosphate determined by this method is sometimes called water-insolublephosphate or fixed phosphate.***A higher carbon dosage of 0.5 wt % was used with a more severe colorgsoline (1550-R-04). The feed gasoline 1550-R-04 has a Saybolt value of−24.8.

The foregoing description relates to embodiments of the presentinvention, and changes and modifications may be made therein withoutdeparting from the scope of the invention as defined in the followingclaims.

1. A process for removing color bodies from hydrocarbon-based fuelcomprising the steps of: a. contacting hydrocarbon-based fuel with adecolorizing carbon having within this pore structure a fueldecolorizing amount of reduced transition metal; and b. adsorbing atleast a portion of color bodies within the hydrocarbon-based fuel ontothe decolorizing carbon to produce a decolorized hydrocarbon-based fuel.2. The process of claim 1 wherein the decolorized hydrocarbon-based fuelof step (b) has a Saybolt gain of at least 15 compared to thehydrocarbon-based fuel of step (a).
 3. The process of claim 2 whereinthe hydrocarbon-based fuel of step (a) has a Saybolt value less than orequal to −10 and the decolorized hydrocarbon-based fuel of step (b) hasa Saybolt value of a least
 12. 4. The process of claim 1 wherein thedecolorizing carbon comprises carbon produced by steam, phosphoric acid,or zinc chloride activation.
 5. The process of claim 1 wherein the fueldecolorizing amount of reduced transition metal is in the range fromabout 0.1% to about 5%.
 6. The process of claim 5 wherein the reducedtransition metal comprises copper.
 7. The process of claim 5 wherein thefuel decolorizing amount of reduced transition metal is in the rangefrom about 1% to about 3%.
 8. The process of claim 7 wherein the reducedtransition metal comprises copper.